![]() vaginalis during the logarithmic phases in axenic culture. We had known that glycogen accumulated and was consumed rapidly in T. vaginalis does not undergo an encystation process and lacks a cyst wall. vaginalis from trophozoite to pseudocyst (cyst-like structure). Iron deficiency and other environmental challenges, such as cold temperature, induce the morphological transformation of T. lamblia, although the major component of the cyst wall is β-1,3-GalNac rather than chitin in E. Similar metabolic events are also present in G. histolytica encystation, glycogen and lipid metabolism are more active for cyst wall formation and membranous rearrangement, respectively. The metabolism in cyst-formed cells is different than that in the active trophozoite. Consequently, less attention has been given to the regulation of lipids and related metabolites in this protist.Ĭysts are the infectious stage of many human pathogenic protozoans, such as Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis. vaginalis lacks a complete mechanism to digest or synthesize fatty acids de novo. Previous investigations indicated that T. Pyruvate is a central metabolite that can be converted into amino acids, lactate, and acetyl-CoA for further ATP and fatty acid biosynthesis. It is still controversial whether the metabolic direction of the end-product of glycolysis, pyruvate, is affected by these conditions since the downstream enzymes in the hydrogenosome are almost absent upon iron shortage. For instance, the more active glycolysis is believed to overcome the energy-producing defect in the hydrogenosome. ![]() Previous reports indicated that the survival of trichomonad cells relies on different metabolic strategies in iron-deficient (ID) environments. Iron plays important biological roles in almost all living organisms. ![]() vaginalis resides in the urogenital tract in both sexes, where nutrient and essential elements are not supplemented sufficiently. However, cumulative resistance to these drugs is prompting us to develop new therapeutic strategies. This infection is usually self-limited if necessary, tinidazole and metronidazole are the first choice of treatment. Symptoms of trichomoniasis range from mild inflammation to severe outcomes, such as premature labor and miscarriage. The high prevalence of trichomoniasis is thought to be underestimated since there are many asymptomatic infections. Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease, trichomoniasis. These findings highlighted the possible glycogen utilization, cellulose biosynthesis, and fatty acid incorporation in pseudocyst formation as well as NO precursor ammonia production induced by iron-depleted stress. These enzymatic reactions (alanine dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and threonine dehydratase) were likely involved in ammonia release. The decrease in amino acids accompanied by an increase in dipeptides implied incomplete proteolysis. The decrease in C18 fatty acids implied possible incorporation in the membranous compartment for pseudocyst formation. Our results indicated that glycogen was metabolized as the carbon source, and the structural component cellulose was synthesized at same time. Thirty-three dipeptides showed significant accumulation in ID cells, which was probably associated with the decrease in amino acids. Third, amino acids were mostly reduced, especially alanine, glutamate, and serine. Second, a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA), capric acid, was elevated, whereas most detected C18 fatty acids were reduced significantly. Resultsįirst, we showed the possible digestion of glycogen, cellulose polymerization, and accumulation of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs). vaginalis under iron-depleted (ID) conditions. In the present work, we conducted an LC‒MS-based metabolomics analysis to obtain accurate insights into the enzymatic events of T. Therefore, the metabolic direction of the end product of glycolysis is still controversial. We previously demonstrated that iron deficiency induces more active glycolysis but a drastic downregulation of hydrogenosomal energy metabolic enzymes. Pseudocysts (cyst-like structures) are an environmentally tolerated stage of this parasite while encountering undesired conditions, including iron deficiency. Trichomonas vaginalis, a human urogenital tract pathogen, is capable of surviving in the environment without sufficient iron supplementation. Iron is an essential element for cellular functions, such as energy metabolism.
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